Pvc mpira valve 3/4

 

Valve ya mpira wa PVC

Valavu ya mpira ya 3/4 ya PVC ndi valavu yophatikizika, yozungulira kotala yopangidwa kuti izitha kuyendetsa madzi mumipope, ulimi wothirira, ndi mafakitale. Cholinga chake chachikulu ndikupereka ntchito yabwino, yosatayikira. Ma valve awa amapereka maubwino angapo: amakana dzimbiri ndi mankhwala, amakhala kwa zaka zambiri osavala pang'ono, ndipo ndi otsika mtengo kwambiri kuposa njira zina. Mapangidwe awo opepuka komanso kupezeka kwawo pamasinthidwe angapo amawapangitsa kukhala osinthika pamapulogalamu osiyanasiyana.

Zofunika Kwambiri

  • ndi 3/4Valve ya mpira wa PVCndi yamphamvu komanso yotsika mtengo. Zimagwira ntchito bwino pamapaipi, kuthirira, ndi mafakitale.
  • Kuyika ndi kusamalira ma valve a mpira a PVC kumawathandiza kukhala nthawi yayitali. Izi zimalepheretsanso kuchucha ndikuwongolera madzi bwino.
  • Kusankha valavu yoyenera ya mpira wa PVC kumatanthauza kuyang'ana zinthu, kupanikizika, ndi momwe zimagwirira ntchito kuti zipeze zotsatira zabwino.

Mawonekedwe a PVC Ball Valve

PVC阀门(横) 详情页插图1

Zakuthupi ndi Kukhalitsa

PVC valavu mpiraamapangidwa kuchokera ku polyvinyl chloride (PVC), chinthu chodziwika chifukwa cha mphamvu zake komanso kukana zosokoneza zachilengedwe. Zomwe zimapangidwira zimatsimikizira kuti valavu imatha kupirira chinyezi, mankhwala, ndi ma radiation a UV popanda kuwononga. Opanga ngati IFAN amakulitsa kulimba mwa kuphatikiza zowonjezera zosagwira kutentha m'mapangidwe awo a PVC. Zowonjezera izi zimachepetsa chiopsezo cha kuwonjezereka kwa kutentha ndi kuwombana, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ma valves akhale oyenerera ntchito zotentha kwambiri. Mosiyana ndi izi, ma valve opanda zowonjezera zoterezi, monga za EFIELD, zimatha kusweka kapena kupindika pansi pa kutentha kwa nthawi yaitali. Ubwino wapamwamba wa ma valve a mpira wa PVC umatanthawuza ku moyo wautali komanso kuchepetsa kukonza, kuwapanga kukhala okwera mtengo kwa machitidwe onse okhalamo ndi mafakitale.

Kukula ndi Kupanga

Mapangidwe a valavu ya mpira wa PVC amakhala ndi gawo lalikulu pakuchita kwake. Kukula koyenera kumapangitsa kuti madzi aziyenda bwino komanso kumalepheretsa kutsekeka kwadongosolo. Zinthu zazikuluzikulu zomwe ziyenera kuganiziridwa ndi kuchuluka kwa chitoliro, kutsika kwamphamvu, komanso kutulutsa kwa valve (Cv). Tebulo ili m'munsiyi likuwonetsa miyeso yofunikira komanso zololera:

Zofunika Kwambiri Kufotokozera
Mtengo Woyenda Kuchuluka kwamadzimadzi omwe amadutsa mudongosolo, ndikofunikira pakukulitsa ma valve kuti mupewe zoletsa.
Pipe Diameter Iyenera kufanana kapena kupitirira pang'ono kukula kwa chitoliro kuti zisawonongeke.
Kutaya Mphamvu Ayenera kuwerengedwa kuti ateteze kuwonongeka ndi kuonetsetsa kuti ntchitoyo ikugwira ntchito; ma valve ocheperako amatha kuyambitsa zovuta.
Mavavu Sizing Equations Gwiritsani ntchito ma chart operekedwa ndi ma equation kuti mudziwe kukula koyenera kwa valavu kutengera zofunikira zamakina.
Cv (kutuluka kokwanira) Zimayimira mphamvu yothamanga ya valavu, yofunikira powerengera kukula kwa valve yofunikira.

Valavu yopangidwa bwino ya PVC sikuti imangotsimikizira kuwongolera kwamadzimadzi komanso kumachepetsa kung'ambika pamapaipi. Kupanga kwake kopepuka kumachepetsanso kupsinjika kwa zomangamanga, ndikupangitsa kuti ikhale chisankho chabwino pazogwiritsa ntchito zosiyanasiyana.

Kutayikira-Kusagwira Ntchito

Kukana kutayikira ndi gawo lofotokozera la mavavu a mpira a PVC. Mavavuwa amagwiritsa ntchito zisindikizo zokonzedwa bwino komanso malo osalala amkati kuti asatayike, ngakhale pakakhala zovuta kwambiri. Zambiri zochokera ku mayeso olimba zimatsimikizira kugwira ntchito kwawo. Mwachitsanzo, kuyezetsa komwe kunachitika pansi pa kupsinjika kwa mpweya, kutsika kwa mpweya, ndi kupanikizika kwa madzi nthawi zonse kumasonyeza kukula kwa kutayikira kupitirira malire ovomerezeka, kusonyeza kukwanitsa kusindikiza kwa valve.

Kuphatikiza apo, kugwiritsa ntchito zida zapamwamba pakumanga kwa valve kumakulitsa luso lake losunga chisindikizo cholimba pakapita nthawi. Kudalirika kumeneku kumapangitsa ma valve a mpira wa PVC kukhala njira yabwino yogwiritsira ntchito pomwe kupewa kutayikira ndikofunikira, monga mapaipi anyumba ndi makina amadzimadzi am'mafakitale.

Kugwiritsa ntchito 3/4 PVC Ball Valve

Mapaipi a nyumba

A 3/4 PVC mpira valvendi chisankho chodalirika cha machitidwe opangira mabomba. Kaŵirikaŵiri eni nyumba amagwiritsira ntchito mavavu ameneŵa kuwongolera kuyenda kwa madzi m’khitchini, m’bafa, ndi m’malo ochapiramo zovala. Kukula kwawo kophatikizika kumawapangitsa kukhala abwino kwa malo olimba, monga pansi pa masinki kapena kuseri kwa zida. Kapangidwe ka valve kameneka kamapangitsa kuti madzi azikhalabe, kuchepetsa ngozi ya kuwonongeka kwa katundu. Kuphatikiza apo, zinthu zake zolimbana ndi dzimbiri zimapangitsa kuti zizichita bwino m'madzi otentha komanso ozizira. Kukhazikika uku kumapangitsa kuti ikhale yotsika mtengo yothetsera zosowa za nthawi yayitali za mapaipi.

Njira Zothirira

Njira zothirira zimapindula kwambiri ndi kusinthasintha kwa valavu ya mpira wa 3/4 PVC. Ma valve awa amagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri m'mapaipi amaluwa, makina opopera madzi, komanso kukhazikitsa kuthirira kothirira. Kukwanitsa kwawo kuthana ndi zovuta zosiyanasiyana zamadzi kumapangitsa kuti mbewu ndi mbewu ziziyenda mokhazikika. Kumanga kopepuka kumathandizira kukhazikitsa, ngakhale m'machitidwe akuluakulu aulimi. Komanso, kukana kwa valve ku mankhwala kumapangitsa kuti ikhale yoyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi feteleza ndi zina zowonjezera. Kusinthasintha kumeneku kumapangitsa kukhala gawo lofunikira pakusunga njira zothirira bwino.

Ntchito Zamakampani ndi Zamalonda

M'mafakitale ndi malonda, valavu ya mpira wa 3/4 PVC imakhala ngati chida chodalirika chowongolera madzi. Mafakitole ndi malo osungiramo katundu amagwiritsa ntchito ma valve mu makina onyamula madzi, mankhwala, kapena zakumwa zina. Kukhoza kwawo kupirira madera ovuta, kuphatikizapo kukhudzana ndi kuwala kwa UV ndi zinthu zowononga, zimatsimikizira kugwira ntchito modalirika. Mapangidwe opangidwa mwaluso kwambiri a ma valve amachepetsa nthawi yopumira poletsa kutayikira komanso kusayenda bwino. Kudalirika kumeneku kumapangitsa kukhala chisankho chokondedwa kwa mafakitale omwe amaika patsogolo kuchita bwino komanso chitetezo.

Ubwino Wogwiritsa Ntchito PVC Ball Valve

Mtengo-Kuchita bwino

PVC valavu mpiraperekani njira yachuma yamakina owongolera madzimadzi. Kukwanitsa kwawo kumachokera ku mtengo wotsika wa zinthu za PVC poyerekeza ndi zitsulo monga mkuwa kapena chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri. Ngakhale kuti ali ndi mtengo wotsika, ma valve awa amapereka ntchito zabwino kwambiri komanso zolimba, zomwe zimawapangitsa kukhala okwera mtengo popanga nyumba, malonda, ndi mafakitale.

Kafukufuku wokwanira akuwonetsa zabwino zachuma za mavavu a mpira a PVC:

Pindulani Kufotokozera
Zokwera mtengo Mavavu a mpira a PVC ndi otsika mtengo poyerekeza ndi mavavu achitsulo.
Kusamalira Kochepa Amafuna chisamaliro chochepa chifukwa cha chikhalidwe chawo chosawononga.

Kuphatikizana kwa kukwanitsa ndi kudalirika kwa nthawi yayitali kumatsimikizira kusungidwa kwakukulu pakapita nthawi, makamaka mu machitidwe akuluakulu.

Kukaniza kwa Corrosion

Mavavu a PVC amapambana m'malo omwe dzimbiri limabweretsa zovuta. Mosiyana ndi mavavu achitsulo, omwe amatha dzimbiri kapena kuwonongeka akakumana ndi mankhwala amphamvu, mavavu a PVC amasunga umphumphu wawo. Kukaniza uku kumalepheretsa kutayikira ndi kulephera, ngakhale pamavuto.

Ubwino waukulu wa mavavu a mpira wa PVC m'malo owononga ndi awa:

  • Amapangidwa kuti azigwira mankhwala ankhanza popanda corroding.
  • Chitetezo ku dzimbiri, kuonetsetsa kukhazikika kwa nthawi yayitali.
  • Amathetsa kusinthidwa pafupipafupi, kuchepetsa ndalama zosamalira.

Izi zimapangitsa mavavu a mpira a PVC kukhala chisankho chabwino pakugwiritsa ntchito ma acid, alkalis, kapena madzi amchere.

Kusavuta Kuyika

Mapangidwe a ma valve a mpira a PVC amathandizira kukhazikitsa, kupulumutsa nthawi ndi khama. Zinthu monga socket kapena zosungunulira zimatsimikizira kulumikizana kotetezeka komanso kosavuta.

Mbali Pindulani
Socket / Solvent Ends Imatsimikizira kukhazikitsidwa kotetezeka komanso kosavuta

Kupanga kwawo kopepuka kumapangitsanso kuwongolera kosavuta, kuwapangitsa kukhala oyenera ma plumbers akatswiri komanso okonda DIY. Mapangidwe osavuta awa amachepetsa zolakwika zoyika ndikuwonetsetsa kukhazikitsidwa kodalirika.

Momwe Mungayikitsire Vavu ya Mpira wa PVC

Valve ya mpira wa PVC

Zida ndi Zida Zofunika

Kuyika valavu ya mpira wa PVC kumafuna zida zapadera ndi zipangizo kuti zitsimikizire kukhazikitsidwa kotetezeka komanso koyenera. Kukonzekera koyenera kumachepetsa zolakwika ndikuwongolera ndondomekoyi. Tebulo ili m'munsiyi ikuwonetsa zofunikira pakuyika:

Zida ndi Zida
Wodula mapaipi a PVC
Makina owotcherera
Wrenches
Tepi yosindikiza

Chida chilichonse chimakhala ndi cholinga chake. Chodulira chitoliro cha PVC chimatsimikizira kudulidwa koyera komanso kolondola, kuchepetsa chiopsezo cha m'mphepete mwake chomwe chingasokoneze chisindikizo. Makina owotchera amathandizira kulumikizana kotetezeka, pomwe ma wrenches amapereka torque yofunikira pakulimbitsa zomangira. Kusindikiza tepi kumawonjezera kukana kutayikira popanga chotchinga chowonjezera kuzungulira zolumikizira zolumikizidwa.

Tsatanetsatane unsembe Guide

Kuyika valavu ya mpira wa PVC kumaphatikizapo njira mwadongosolo kuti mukwaniritse ntchito yabwino. Kutsatira izi kumatsimikizira kukhazikitsidwa kodalirika komanso kopanda kutayikira:

  1. Konzani Malo Ogwirira NtchitoChotsani malo ozungulira malo oyikapo kuti muwonetsetse kupeza mosavuta. Yang'anani mapaipi kuti muwone kuwonongeka kapena zinyalala zomwe zingasokoneze ntchito ya valve.
  2. Yezerani ndi Kudula ChitoliroGwiritsani ntchito chodulira chitoliro cha PVC kuti muchepetse chitolirocho mpaka kutalika kofunikira. Onetsetsani kuti chodulidwacho ndi chowongoka komanso chosalala kuti mugwirizane bwino ndi valavu.
  3. Ikani Selling TapeManga tepi yosindikizira kuzungulira ulusi wa valavu ndi zida za chitoliro. Sitepe iyi imakulitsa chisindikizo ndikuletsa kutayikira panthawi yogwira ntchito.
  4. Gwirizanitsani ValveIkani valavu ya mpira wa PVC pakati pa mapeto a chitoliro. Gwiritsani ntchito ma wrenches kuti mumangitse zoyikamo bwino, kuwonetsetsa kuti valavu ikugwirizana bwino ndi njira yoyendetsera.
  5. Yesani KuyikaTsegulani ndi kutseka valve kuti muwonetsetse kuti ikuyenda bwino. Yang'anani kutayikira poyendetsa madzi kudzera mudongosolo ndikuyang'ana kugwirizana.

Makhalidwe opepuka a mavavu a mpira a PVC amathandizira kugwira ntchito pakuyika. Kukana kwawo kwa dzimbiri ndi mphamvu ya hydrostatic zimawapangitsa kukhala oyenera ntchito zogona komanso mafakitale.

Malangizo Opewa Zolakwa Zomwe Anthu Ambiri Amachita

Njira zoyika bwino zimalepheretsa zolakwika zomwe zimachitika zomwe zingasokoneze magwiridwe antchito a valve. Njira zotsatirazi zimatsimikizira kukhazikitsa bwino:

  • Sankhani Ma Gaskets OyeneraKusankha ma gaskets oyenerera ndi zisindikizo ndikofunikira kuti mupewe kutulutsa bwino.
  • Tsatirani Njira Zolondola ZoyikaKonzekerani bwino pamalo abwino ndikuyika ma gaskets molondola kuti muwonjezere kusindikiza.
  • Yang'anani ndi Kusintha Zisindikizo Nthawi ZonseChitani cheke chanthawi zonse kuti muzindikire zisindikizo zotha ndikuzisintha mwachangu kuti zisamadonthe.
  • Yesani Vavu Musanagwiritse NtchitoKuyesa mwamphamvu pakukhazikitsa kumathandizira kuzindikira zolakwika zomwe zingachitike ndikuwonetsetsa kugwira ntchito kodalirika.
  • Document Quality Control MeasuresSungani zolemba zowunikira ndi kuyezetsa kuti muwonetsetse kuti zikutsatira miyezo.

Kugwirizana ndi owunika a chipani chachitatu kungapangitsenso kudalirika kwa njira yoyika. Miyezo iyi imachepetsa kuthekera kwa zolakwika ndikukulitsa moyo wa valve.

Maupangiri Othandizira a PVC Ball Valves

Kuyeretsa ndi Kupaka mafuta

Kuyeretsa nthawi zonse ndi kuthira mafuta ndikofunikira kuti ma valve a mpira a PVC apitirize kugwira ntchito. Pakapita nthawi, zinyalala ndi ma depositi amchere amatha kuwunjikana mkati mwa valavu, kuletsa kutuluka kwamadzimadzi ndikupangitsa kutha. Kuyeretsa valavu nthawi ndi nthawi ndi detergent wofatsa ndi madzi otentha kumachotsa zopinga izi. Pakumanga mouma, burashi yofewa ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kutsuka mkati mofatsa.

Kupaka mafuta kumathandiza kuti zisindikizo zisamawume kapena kusweka. Kupaka mafuta opangidwa ndi silikoni pazigawo zosuntha za vavu kumakulitsa magwiridwe ake ndikukulitsa moyo wake. Pewani mafuta opangira mafuta, chifukwa atha kusokoneza zinthu za PVC. Kusamalira pafupipafupi sikumangowonjezera magwiridwe antchito komanso kumachepetsa mwayi wokonza zodula.

Kuthetsa Mavuto

PVC valavu mpiranthawi zina amatha kukumana ndi zovuta zogwirira ntchito, monga kutayikira kapena kulephera kutembenuza chogwirira. Kuzindikira ndi kuthetsa mavutowa mwamsanga kumateteza kuwonongeka kwina. Ngati kutayikira kukuchitika, yang'anani zisindikizo ndi ma gaskets kuti avale kapena kusasunthika. Kusintha zigawo zowonongeka nthawi zambiri kumathetsa vutoli.

Kwa chogwirira cholimba, zinyalala kapena kusowa kwamafuta kungakhale chifukwa. Kuyeretsa valavu ndikugwiritsa ntchito mafuta kungathe kubwezeretsanso ntchito yake. Ngati vutoli likupitirira, yang'anani kuwonongeka kwa mkati kapena warping. Zikatero, kusintha valavu kungakhale kofunikira kuti muwonetsetse kuti ntchito yodalirika ikugwira ntchito.

Kutalikitsa Moyo Wavavu

Kukonzekera koyenera kumakulitsa kwambiri moyo wa ma valve a mpira wa PVC. Njira zazikulu ndi izi:

  • Kuonetsetsa kukhazikitsa koyenerakuchepetsa kupsinjika kwa valve.
  • Kuchita zoyeretsa nthawi zonsekuteteza zinyalala kuchulukana.
  • Kupaka valavukuti azigwira bwino ntchito.
  • Kufufuza mwachizolowezikuzindikira zovuta zomwe zingatheke msanga.

Chisamaliro chokhazikika sichimangowonjezera kulimba kwa valavu komanso kumapangitsa kuti pakhale ntchito yabwino m'nyumba zogona, ulimi wothirira, ndi mafakitale.

Kugula Maupangiri a PVC Ball Valves

Komwe Mungagule

PVC valavu mpiraakupezeka kwambiri kudzera munjira zingapo, kuwonetsetsa kuti ogula nyumba ndi mafakitale akupezeka. Malo ogulitsa zida zam'deralo nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi ma valve awa, kupereka mwayi wopezeka mwachangu komanso kuthekera koyang'ana malonda musanagule. Pakusankha kokulirapo, misika yapaintaneti ngati Amazon, Home Depot, ndi mawebusayiti apadera opangira mapaipi amapereka zosankha zingapo. Mapulatifomu nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi ndemanga zamakasitomala, zomwe zingathandize ogula kuwunika momwe zinthu zilili komanso momwe zimagwirira ntchito.

Pogula zambiri kapena zofunikira zapadera, opanga ndi ogulitsa monga Charlotte Pipe kapena Spears Manufacturing amapereka malonda achindunji. Magwerowa nthawi zambiri amapereka mpikisano wamitengo ndi zosankha zosintha mwamakonda, kuwapangitsa kukhala abwino pama projekiti akuluakulu. Ogula ayenera kuika patsogolo ogulitsa odalirika kuti atsimikizire kuti mavavu ndi oona ndi abwino.

Mfundo Zofunika Kuziganizira

Kusankha valavu yoyenera ya mpira wa PVC kumafuna kuwunika mosamala zinthu zingapo zofunika. Tebulo ili m'munsiyi ikufotokoza mfundo zazikuluzikulu:

Factor Kufotokozera
Kugwirizana kwazinthu Onetsetsani kuti valavu ikugwirizana ndi madzi kapena gasi yomwe ingagwire kuti ikhale yolimba.
Kutentha & Kuthamanga Mavoti Tsimikizirani mavotiwa kuti agwirizane ndi momwe makina amagwirira ntchito, ndikuwonetsetsa kudalirika kwanthawi yayitali.
Njira Zowonetsera Sankhani pakati pa makina, magetsi, kapena pneumatic actuation kutengera zosowa zamakina.

Zinthu izi zimakhudza kwambiri magwiridwe antchito a valve, moyo wake wonse, komanso kukwanira kwa ntchito zinazake. Mwachitsanzo, valavu yokhala ndi kupanikizika kosakwanira imatha kulephera msanga, zomwe zimapangitsa kukonza kodula.

Mitundu ndi Mitundu Yovomerezeka

Mitundu ingapo imadziwika chifukwa cha khalidwe lawo komanso kudalirika kwa mavavu a mpira a PVC. Charlotte Pipe imapereka mavavu olimba omwe ali ndi kukana kwa dzimbiri, abwino kwa nyumba zogona komanso zopepuka zamalonda. Spears Manufacturing ndi dzina lina lodalirika, lodziwika ndi ma valve opangidwa bwino omwe amagwira ntchito bwino m'mafakitale. Kwa ogula okonda bajeti, mitundu ngati NIBCO imapereka zosankha zotsika mtengo koma zodalirika.

Kuyerekeza kwa mavavu a mpira a PVC okhala ndi njira zina zachitsulo kumawunikira zabwino zawo:

Mbali PVC Ball Valves Mavavu achitsulo
Mtengo Kutsika mtengo wogula koyamba Kukwera mtengo wogula koyamba
Kuyika Kuyika kosavuta komanso kofulumira Pamafunika khama komanso nthawi
Kukhalitsa Zolimba kwambiri komanso zokhalitsa Imakonda dzimbiri komanso dzimbiri
Kukaniza kwa Corrosion Kukana kwabwino kwa dzimbiri Kutengeka ndi dzimbiri
Kulemera Zopepuka, zosavuta kuzigwira Zolemera, zovuta kwambiri
Environmental Impact Pamafunika mphamvu zochepa kuti apange Kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu kwambiri

Posankha mavavu apamwamba a mpira wa PVC kuchokera kuzinthu zodziwika bwino, ogula amatha kuonetsetsa kuti akugwira ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali komanso kusunga ndalama.


Valavu ya mpira wa 3/4 ya PVC imapereka kuphatikiza kwa kukhazikika, kusinthasintha, komanso kutsika mtengo, ndikupangitsa kuti ikhale gawo lofunikira pakuyika mipope, ulimi wothirira, ndi mafakitale. Kukana kwake kwa dzimbiri, kutsika kwamadzimadzi, komanso magwiridwe antchito odalirika amatsimikizira kugwira ntchito bwino pamapulogalamu osiyanasiyana. Gome ili m'munsili likuwonetsa zabwino zake zazikulu:

Mbali/Phindu Kufotokozera
Kukaniza kwa Corrosion Amatsimikizira moyo wautali wautumiki pokana kuwonongeka kwa mankhwala ndi chilengedwe.
Kusavuta Kugwiritsa Ntchito Kusinthasintha kosinthasintha komanso magwiridwe antchito osavuta kumapangitsa kuti ogwiritsa ntchito azimasuka.
Kusindikiza Magwiridwe Kumateteza kukokoloka ndi kutayikira, kuonetsetsa kulimba ndi kudalirika.
Kusinthasintha Imasinthasintha malinga ndi media, kuthamanga, ndi kutentha.
Ubwenzi Wachilengedwe Zachuma komanso zimathandizira machitidwe okhazikika amakampani.

Kusankha valavu yamtengo wapatali ya mpira wa PVC kumatsimikizira kudalirika kwa nthawi yaitali ndi ntchito yabwino, ndikupangitsa kuti ikhale yopindulitsa kwambiri pa dongosolo lililonse lamadzimadzi.

FAQ

Kodi valavu ya mpira wa 3/4 PVC imatha kupirira bwanji?

Mavavu ambiri a 3/4 a PVC amatha kuthana ndi zovuta mpaka 150 PSI. Yang'anani nthawi zonsezomwe wopangakwa mavoti enieni.

Kodi valavu ya mpira wa PVC ingagwiritsidwe ntchito pamakina amadzi otentha?

Inde, koma mkati mwa malire a kutentha kwa 140 ° F. Kupitilira izi kungayambitse kupindika kapena kulephera.

Kodi mungadziwe bwanji ngati valavu ya mpira wa PVC yatseguka kapena yotsekedwa?

Malo a chogwirira akuwonetsa momwe valavu ilili. Ikalumikizidwa ndi chitoliro, imatseguka. Perpendicular amatanthauza kutsekedwa.


Nthawi yotumiza: Jun-06-2025